Fig. 2

Oligonol suppressed lipogenesis while enhancing lipolysis in PA-treated HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were treated with 250 μM of PA in the absence or presence of Oligonol (ranging from 1 to 10 μg/ml) for 24 h. (a) ACC, FAS, and SREBP-1c mRNA levels, (b) HSL and PPARγ mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR. Values were normalized to GAPDH and presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments; each performed in triplicates. White bars represent HepG2 cells treated with vehicle, and black bars represent HepG2 cells treated with PA. (c) Protein levels and phosphorylation states for these five genes were examined by Western blot analysis with appropriate antibodies. β-actin is a loading control. Graphs represent densitometric analysis of Western blots. (d and e) Released glycerol and FFAs into the culture medium and intracellular FFA contents were quantified by its OD value at 570 nm. Data were presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments; each performed in triplicates. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.005 vs. vehicle-treated control (CTL); ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, and ^***P < 0.005 vs. palmitate-treated cells (PA)