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Table 1 Evaluation of multi-drug resistant bacterial isolates

From: Alkanna tinctoria leaves extracts: a prospective remedy against multidrug resistant human pathogenic bacteria

Antibiotics

Bacteria (zone diameter nearest whole mm)

A. baumannii

E. coli

P. aeruginosa

S. aureus

R

I

S

R

I

S

R

I

S

R

I

S

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

            

Amoxicillin

0

-

-

0

-

-

0

-

-

0

-

-

Amoxycillin/Clavulanic acid

-

15 ± 1

-

0

-

-

7 ± 0

-

-

6.5 ± 0

-

-

Ampicillin

7 ± 0.28

-

-

0

-

-

0

-

-

0

-

-

Aztreonam

7 ± 0.11

-

-

0

-

-

0

-

-

0

-

-

Cefepime

-

-

24 ± 0.5

15 ± 0.5

-

-

-

15 ± 0.3

-

-

15 ± 0.5

-

Cefixime

-

-

20 ± 0.5

-

-

19 ± 0.7

-

18 ± 0.3

-

10 ± 0

-

-

Cefotaxime

7 ± 0

-

-

14 ± 0.5

-

-

0

-

-

7 ± 0

-

-

Ceftazidime

-

19 ± 0.7

-

14 ± 0.5

-

-

7 ± 03

-

-

-

15 ± 0.3

-

Ceftriaxone

12 ± 0.5

-

-

-

16 ± 0.5

-

7 ± 0

-

-

10 ± 0.3

-

-

Cephradine (only for S. aureus)

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

6.5 ± 0

-

-

Fosfomycin

-

-

22 ± 0.5

-

-

24 ± 0.5

-

-

30 ± 1

-

-

-

Imipenem

10 ± 0.5

-

-

-

-

23 ± 0.7

10 ± 0

-

-

-

15 ± 0.7

-

Meropenem

10 ± 0.5

-

-

8 ± 0

-

-

7 ± 0

-

-

7 ± 0

-

-

Oxacillin (only for S. aureus)

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

0

-

-

Pipracillin/Tazobactam

-

-

27 ± 1

-

-

18 ± 1

14 ± 0.5

-

-

14 ± 0.3

-

-

Vancomycin (only for S. aureus)

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

9 ± 0.3

-

-

Cell membrane inhibitors

            

Colistin sulphate

0

-

-

-

-

12 ± 0.3

-

-

11 ± 0.3

10 ± 0

-

-

Protein synthesis inhibitors

            

Amikacin

-

15 ± 0.3

-

-

15 ± 0.5

-

9

-

-

7 ± 0

-

-

Chloramphenicol

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

12 ± 0.5

-

-

9 ± 0

-

-

Doxycycline

-

13 ± 0.5

-

-

-

14 ± 0.5

7 ± 0.3

-

-

10 ± 0.3

-

-

Erythromycin

0

-

-

7 ± 0

-

-

7 ± 0

-

-

8 ± 0

-

-

Gentamycin

9 ± 0.28

-

-

-

-

15 ± 0.5

9 ± 0

-

-

10 ± 0.3

-

-

Tetracycline

7 ± 0

-

-

-

-

18 ± 0.3

0

-

-

7 ± 0

-

-

Tigecyclin

-

-

19 ± 0.7

-

18 ± 0.5

-

-

15 ± 0.5

-

-

15 ± 0.5

-

DNA inhibitors

            

Ciprofloxacin

15 ± 0.5

-

-

-

-

22 ± 0.5

12 ± 0.5

-

-

11 ± 0.3

-

-

Nitrofurantoin

-

15 ± 0.5

-

8 ± 0.3

-

-

0

-

-

8 ± 0

-

-

Folate pathway inhibitors

            

Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole

0

-

-

-

11 ± 0

-

0

-

-

0

-

-

  1. ± = standard error of given value, – = not observed, NA = not applicable R = resistant, I = intermediate sensitive and S = sensitive.