Dark chocolate or tomato extract for prehypertension: a randomised controlled trial

Table 1 Baseline characteristics

	Mean (SD)
Characteristics	Dark chocolate	Tomato extract	Control	P-value^a
	n = 11	n = 15	n = 10
Age, years	48.8 (12.2)	51.2 (12.1)	57.9 (13.4)	.11
Weight, kg	80.3 (17.7)	74.0 (10.3)	75.9 (13.7)	.63
Body mass index	26.9 (6.2)	26.2 (3.1)	26.2 (5.2)	.87
Abdominal circumference, cm	85.7 (9.5)	87.5 (11.5)	82.2 (9.3)	.65
Median systolic blood pressure, mm Hg	135.1 (12.5)	128.2 (11.4)	135.7 (12.4)	.18
Median diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg	83.6 (10.5)	79.1 (7.5)	77.8 (8.6)	.34
Self-reported...
Dark chocolate intake, g/wk	32.5 (55.0)	70.9 (166.9)	59.0 (61.3)	.43
Milk chocolate intake, g/wk	60.0 (120.2)	73.7 (102.7)	99.0 (172.1)	.42
Tomato product intake, d/wk	3.1 (1.7)	4.5 (1.4)	3.1 (1.9)	.07
Estimated habitual lycopene intake (only subjects ≥ 105 mg/wk)^c	211 (74), n = 2	194 (16), n = 2	210 (0), n = 1,	not calculated
Moderate physical activity ≥ 30 min, d/wk^d	2.9 (2.0)	3.8 (2.5)	3.3 (2.5)	.65
Alcohol intake, times/wk	1.4 (1.7)	2.6 (2.3)	2.9 (2.8)	.40
Standard drinks/wk	5.2 (6.6)	3.3 (3.0)	8.1 (11.1)	.84
Smoking, cigs/d	0	0	0	1
5-point Likert scales
General health^e	2.3 (0.9)	2.0 (0.8)	2.2 (0.8)	.58
Energy levels^f	2.5 (0.8)	2.3 (1.0)	2.3 (0.8)	.65
Mood^g	2.1 (0.5)	2.1 (0.7)	2.0 (0.7)	.92
Bivariate variables
Gender
Male	7	7	5	0.7^b
Female	4	8	5
Dietary supplement intake
If fish oil or garlic = yes	4	9	1	.04^b*
no	7	6	9

^a P-values are calculated by Kruskal-Wallis Test or ^b Fisher's-Exact Test
^c Intake of one tomato extract capsule per day equals 105 mg lycopene per week.
^d Moderate physical activity, e.g. brisk walk, cycling at regular pace, doubles tennis, swimming
^e 5-point scale with 1 = excellent, 2 = very good, 3 = good, 4 = fair, 5 = poor
^f 5-point scale with 1 = very energetic, 2 = moderately energetic, 3 = somewhat energetic, 4 = fatigued, 5 = very fatigued
^g 5-point scale with 1 = very happy, 2 = happy, 3 = up and down, 4 = unhappy, 5 = very unhappy
* p < 0.05 indicates a significant difference between groups

ISSN: 2662-7671