Table 1 Controlled vocabulary and keywords used to retrieve studies on the validity of spinal palpation

Accuracy, accurate

Cervical verterbrae [mh][sh][de]/cervical

Diagnosis [mh][sh][de]

Apophyseal

Analysis of variance [mh] [sh] [de]

Lumbar vertebrae [mh] [sh] [de] /lumbar

Manual

Asymmetry

Construct validity [sh]

Neck [mh] [sh] [de]

Manual exam*/manual diagnosis

Back pain [mh] [sh] [de]

Content validity [sh]

Para-spine, para-spinal

Manipulat*

Blockage

Convergent

Spine [mh] [sh] [de] / Spinal

Manipulation, chiropractic [mh] [sh] [de]

Fixation/ Tissue Fixation [mh] [de]

Criterion / Criterion related validity [sh]

Thoracic vertebrae [mh] [sh] [de] / thoracic

Manipulation, orthopedic [mh] [sh] [de]

Hypomobility

Discriminant analysis [mh] [de]

Vertebral

Manipulation, osteopathic [mh] [de]

Joint Instability [mh] [sh] [de]

Discriminant validity [sh]

Manipulation, spinal [mh] [de]

Low back pain [mh] [sh] [de]

Face validity [sh]

Palpation [mh] [sh] [de] /palpat*

Manipulable lesion

Gold standard

Mobility

Instrumentation [sh] / instrument*

Motion unit

Judgment [mh] [sh]

Muscle tension / Muscle contraction [mh] [sh] [de]

Likelihood functions [mh] [de] / Likelihood ratio

Myofascial Pain Syndromes [mh] [sh] [de]

Predict* (predictive, predictor, predictability)

Neck pain [mh] [sh] [de]

Predictive value of tests [mh] [sh] [de]

Quality of Motion

Reference standards [mh] [de]

Range of Motion, Articular [mh] [de]/Range of motion [sh]

ROC / ROC curve [mh] [de]

Stiffness

Sensitivity and specificity [mh] [sh] [de]

Somatic dysfunction [de]

Valid, Validation, Validation studies [pt] [sh]

Subluxation [sh] [de]

Validity [sh]

Tender point*

Tissue texture

#5: Validity Assessment Terms

Trigger points [de]

Galvanic skin response [mh] [de]

Zygapophyseal joint [mh] / Zygapophysial

Measure*, Pain Measurement [mh] [sh] [de]

Radiography [mh] [sh] [de]

Thermography [mh] [sh] [de]

X-rays [mh] [sh], x-ray [de]