Effect of selected local medicinal plants on the asexual blood stage of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum

Table 4 The antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity activities of DCM, MeOH and H ₂ O extracts of selected Malaysian medicinal plants

Plant name	Parts	Extracts	EC₅₀(μg/ml)		Selectivity index (SI)
			P. falciparum K1	MDBK cells
Curcuma zedoaria	Rhizomes	DCM	2.38	37.61	15.92
		MeOH	>15.70	NT	ND
		H₂O	>15.70	NT	ND
Vernonia amygdalina	Leaves	DCM	3.36	157.69	47.00
		MeOH	1.09	>300	>274.39
		H₂O	8.23	>600	>72.95
Alpinia galanga	Rhizomes	DCM	1.64	3.92	2.40
		MeOH	8.06	87.95	10.92
		H₂O	1.84	>50	>27.16
Brucea javanica	Leaves	DCM	0.55	15.13	27.64
		MeOH	5.27	87.95	16.70
		H₂O	1.29	1.90	1.48
	Roots	DCM	0.47	6.54	14.05
		MeOH	0.58	6.95	12.06
		H₂O	4.49	9.59	2.14
	Green seeds	DCM	>15.70	NT	ND
		MeOH	0.25	NT	ND
		H₂O	1.47	NT	ND
	Black seeds	DCM	>15.70	NT	ND
		MeOH	1.96	7.70	3.92
		H₂O	5.40	24.24	4.49
Leea indica	Leaves	DCM	>15.70	NT	ND
		MeOH	>15.70	NT	ND
		H₂O	>15.70	NT	ND
Cinnamomun iners	Leaves	DCM	1.95	199.15	102.58
		MeOH	0.63	>400	>636.61
		H₂O	0.62	>100	>161.29
Vitex negundo	Leaves	DCM	1.10	25.04	22.80
		MeOH	2.17	>50	>23.10
		H₂O	>15.70	NT	ND
Terminalia catappa	Leaves	DCM	5.29	>50	>9.45^a
		MeOH	5.19	>50	>9.63^a
		H₂O	4.28	25.02	5.84
Morinda elliptica	Leaves	DCM	9.08	>50	>5.51^a
		MeOH	7.76	>50	>6.45^a
		H₂O	0.50	31.05	62.10
Annona muricata	Leaves	DCM	0.61	40.48	66.47
		MeOH	0.26	>100	>387.60
		H₂O	0.27	>200	>756.14
Curcuma mangga	Rhizomes	DCM	6.59	36.66	4.09
		MeOH	1.81	>50	15.44
		H₂O	2.30	31.85	11.27
Elephantopus scaber	Leaves	DCM	3.71	8.89	11.27
		MeOH	0.27	42.75	2.39
		H₂O	>15.70	NT	ND
	Roots	DCM	>15.70	NT	ND
		MeOH	>15.70	NT	ND
		H₂O	>15.70	NT	ND
Curcuma aeruginosa	Rhizomes	DCM	5.40	>50	>9.26^a
		MeOH	5.32	>50	>9.39^a
		H₂O	4.78	>50	>10.46
Curcuma phaeocaulis	Rhizomes	DCM	5.00	11.04	2.21
		MeOH	9.24	>50	>5.41^a
		H₂O	10.45	NT	ND

Data are presented as mean of at least two independent experiments performed in duplicate assays. DCM, dichloromethane; MeOH, methanol; H₂O, water extracts. No activity at the highest tested concentration denoted as EC₅₀ > 15.70 μg/ml. No toxicity at the highest tested concentration denoted as EC₅₀ > 50.00, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 600 μg/ml. SI: EC_{50 MDBK cell lines} / EC_{50 Plasmodium}. ^aThe SI is not conclusive because the EC₅₀ value is higher than 50 μg/ml which might resulted in higher SI value. NT, not tested, ND, not determined.
In vitro P. falciparum HRP2 and MTT assays were conducted for each plant extracts on CQ resistant P. falciparum and MDBK cell line, respectively. The EC₅₀ value for each plants extracts were determined from the dose-response curves produced by using the HN-nonLin software (malaria.farch.net). The ratio of MDBK cell line EC₅₀ and P. falciparum EC₅₀ of each extract give the SI index or the level of toxic effects. Twenty three extracts from 11 plant species showed promising antiplasmodial activity (EC₅₀ ≤ 10 μg/ml) with no toxic effect (SI ≥ 10).

ISSN: 2662-7671