An open label pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of Spanish black radish on the induction of phase I and phase II enzymes in healthy male subjects

Table 2 Plasma profile of acetaminophen metabolites at baseline and 4 weeks

Plasma acetaminophen metabolite	Week 0	Week 4	Difference from week 0 to week 4	P Value^a
Acetaminophen glucuronide
C_max(μmol/L)	12.59 ± 4.12	10.82 ± 3.091	-1.77 ± 1.47	<0.001
T_max(h)	2.13 ± 0.46	2.55 ± 1.13	0.42 ± 1.26	0.166
AUC_{(0–8 hour)} (μmol. h/L)	58.05 ± 14.48	52.83 ± 14.09	-5.22 ± 6.32	<0.004
Acetaminophen sulfate
C_max(μmol/L)	3.20 ± 0.69	2.90 ± 0.82	-0.30 ± 0.69	0.085
T_max(h)	2.03 ± 0.01	2.23 ± 0.63	0.21 ± 0.63	0.169
AUC_{(0–8 hour)} (μmol. h/L)	8.78 ± 4.073	9.64 ± 4.02	-1.69 ± 4.07	0.126
NAPQI-GSH
C_max(μmol/L)	0.18 ± 0.09	0.18 ± 0.04	-0.02 ± 0.07	0.200
T_max(h)	2.03 ± 0.01	2.02 ± 0.01	-0.00 ± 0.02	0.682
AUC_{(0–8 hour)} (μmol. h/L)	0.72 ± 0.31	0.66 ± 0.22	-0.07 ± 0.22	0.336
Unchanged acetaminophen
C_max(μmol/L)	1.59 ± 1.65	0.79 ± 0.20	-0.79 ± 1.72	0.022
T_max(h)	2.87 ± 1.38	3.08 ± 1.68	0.21 ± 2.30	0.696
AUC_{(0–8 hour)} (μmol. h/L)	4.10 ± 2.25	2.45 ± 0.66	-1.65 ± 2.65	0.010

C_max, T_max and AUC_0-8h of plasma acetaminophen metabolites following administration of 1000 mg acetaminophen to participants at week 0 and after 4 weeks of SBR supplementation.
Values are presented as Mean ± SD.
^aBetween group comparisons were made using t-test. Statistical comparisons for C_max and AUC_{(0–8 hour)} were conducted using log-transformed data.
C_max = maximum concentration; T_max = time of maximum concentration; AUC = area under the plasma concentration time curve.

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