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Table 3 Change scores within yoga and control, and difference between groups with 95% CI and Cohen's d effect size

From: A yoga intervention for type 2 diabetes risk reduction: a pilot randomized controlled trial

 

Yoga

Control

Diff. (Yoga-Ctrl)

P diff.

Cohen’s d

(n = 20)

(n = 18)

[95% CI]

Diabetes risk factors

Fasting BG (mmol/L)

0

−0.3

0.3 [−0.5 to 1.1]

0.43

0.27

Postprandial BG (mmol/L)a

−0.6

0.1

−0.7 [−2.4 to 0.9]

0.38

0.37

BMI (kg/m2)

−0.2

0.6

−0.8 [−1.6 to −0.0]

0.05

0.68

Weight (kg)

−0.8

1.4

−2.3 [−4.1 to −0.4]

0.02

0.80

Waist (cm)

−4.2*

0.7

−4.9 [−7.9 to −1.9]

<0.01

1.11

Systolic (mmHg)

−5.3*

−5.4*

0.1 [−4.8 to 5.1]

0.95

0.02

Diastolic (mmHg)

−5.3*

−3.6*

−1.7 [−7.6 to 4.1]

0.55

0.20

Insulin (pmol/L)

−16.7

4.2

−20.9 [−52.2 to 10.4]

0.19

0.46

Insulin resistance

−0.3

0.1

−0.4 [−1.0 to 0.2]

0.17

0.48

LDL (mmol/L)

−0.1

0.0

−0.2 [−0.6 to 0.3]

0.47

0.24

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

−0.9*

−0.7*

−0.2 [−0.9 to 0.6]

0.67

0.15

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

−0.1

−0.1

0 [−0.6 to 0.6]

0.95

0.02

Psychological factors b

Anxiety

−2.1*

−3.4*

1.3 [−0.8 to 3.4]

0.22

0.42

Depression

−2.5*

−3.2*

0.7 [−1.7 to 3.2]

0.55

0.21

Positive affect

4.8*

4.6

0.2 [−4.9 to 5.2]

0.95

0.02

Negative affect

−5.0*

−8.4*

3.4 [−2.3 to 9.0]

0.24

0.41

Perceived stress

−5.7*

−7.9*

2.2 [−1.3 to 5.8]

0.21

0.43

  1. aPostprandial BG was calculated based on available data, yoga n = 18 control n = 10.
  2. bThree participants were missing data for psychological factors in the control group.
  3. *p < 0.05.
  4. BG blood glucose; BMI body mass index; LDL low density lipoproteins.