Table 1 Characteristics of women according to cranberry use, n = 68,522 a
From: Pregnancy outcome after use of cranberry in pregnancy – the Norwegian mother and child cohort study
Total | No cranberry use during pregnancy | Use of cranberry during pregnancy | No exposure to cranberry and UTI | Exposed to cranberry, UTI and antibiotics against UTI during pregnancy | Exposed to cranberry, UTI and no antibiotics against UTI during pregnancy | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||
68,522 (100.0) | 67,603 (98.7) | 919 (1.3) | P-valueb | 60,846 (88.8) | 254 (0.4) | 300 (0.4) | P-valueb | |
Age (years) | ||||||||
≤ 24 | 8,034 (11.7) | 7,930 (11.7) | 104 (11.3) | 0.621 | 6,893 (11.3) | 28 (11.0) | 32 (10.7) | 0.952 |
25–29 | 23,050 (33.6) | 22,725 (33.6) | 325 (35.4) | 20,442 (33.6) | 88 (34.6) | 106 (35.3) | ||
30–34 | 26,157 (38.2) | 25,822 (38.2) | 335 (36.5) | 23,454 (38.5) | 92 (36.2) | 110 (36.7) | ||
≥ 35 | 11,281 (16.5) | 11,126 (16.5) | 155 (16.9) | 10,057 (16.5) | 46 (18.1) | 52 (17.3) | ||
Parity | ||||||||
0 previous live births | 29,778 (43.5) | 29,272 (43.3) | 506 (55.1) | <0.001 | 26,090 (42.9) | 152 (59.8) | 147 (49.0) | <0.001 |
≥1 | 38,738 (56.5) | 38,325 (56.7) | 413 (44.9) | 34,750 (57.1) | 102 (40.2) | 153 (51.0) | ||
Education c | ||||||||
Primary | 6,123 (8.9) | 6,060 (9.0) | 63 (6.9) | <0.001 | 5,287 (8.7) | 14 (5.5) | 26 (8.7) | 0.032 |
Secondary | 20,519 (29.9) | 20,261 (30.0) | 258 (28.1) | 18,069 (29.7) | 64 (25.2) | 97 (32.3) | ||
Tertiary-short | 27,204 (39.7) | 26,777 (39.6) | 427 (46.5) | 24,264 (39.9) | 128 (50.4) | 120 (40.0) | ||
Tertiary-long | 13,112 (19.1) | 12,956 (19.2) | 156 (17.0) | 11,817 (19.4) | 45 (17.7) | 50 (16.7) | ||
Marital status | ||||||||
Married/cohabitating | 65,765 (96.0) | 64,878 (96.0) | 887 (96.5) | 0.320 | 58,536 (96.2) | 246 (96.7) | 288 (96.0) | 0.834 |
Other | 2,427 (3.5) | 2,400 (3.6) | 27 (2.9) | 2,017 (3.3) | 7 (2.8) | 11 (3.7) | ||
Pre-pregnancy BMI d | ||||||||
Underweight | 2,055 (3.0) | 2,022 (3.0) | 33 (3.6) | 0.195 | 1,799 (3.0) | 7 (2.8) | 15 (5.0) | 0.218 |
Normal weight | 43,058 (62.8) | 42,446 (62.8) | 612 (66.6) | 38,377 (63.1) | 167 (65.7) | 178 (59.3) | ||
Overweight | 14,736 (21.5) | 14,558 (21.5) | 178 (19.4) | 13,052 (21.5) | 50 (19.7) | 67 (22.3) | ||
Obese | 6,538 (9.5) | 6,452 (9.5) | 86 (9.4) | 5,701 (9.4) | 26 (10.2) | 37 (12.3) | ||
Physical activity | ||||||||
Never | 10,293 (15.0) | 10,164 (15.0) | 129 (14.0) | 0.417 | 9,080 (14.9) | 31 (12.2) | 45 (15.0) | 0.538 |
Less than once a week | 16,218 (23.7) | 16,000 (23.7) | 218 (23.7) | 14,423 (23.7) | 57 (22.4) | 65 (21.7) | ||
1-2 times weekly | 25,747 (37.6) | 25,369 (37.5) | 378 (41.1) | 22,931 (37.7) | 111 (43.7) | 124 (41.3) | ||
3 times or more weekly | 11,121 (7.5) | 10,969 (16.2) | 152 (16.5) | 9,871 (16.2) | 42 (16.5) | 50 (16.7) | ||
Missing | 5,143 (7.5) | 5,101 (7.5) | 42 (4.6) | 4,541 (7.5) | 13 (5.1) | 16 (5.3) | ||
Maternal mother tongue | ||||||||
Norwegian | 64,812 (94.6) | 63,929 (94.6) | 883 (96.1) | 0.043 | 57,511 (94.5) | 248 (97.6) | 287 (95.7) | 0.064 |
Other | 3,710 (5.4) | 3,674 (5.4) | 36 (3.9) | 3,335 (5.5) | 6 (2.4) | 13 (4.3) | ||
Smoking at the end of pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 53,198 (77.6) | 52,468 (77.6) | 730 (79.4) | 0.024 | 47,283 (77.7) | 202 (79.5) | 236 (78.7) | 0.623 |
Sometimes | 472 (0.7) | 462 (0.7) | 10 (1.1) | 409 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.0) | ||
Daily | 3,524 (5.1) | 3,492 (5.2) | 32 (3.5) | 3041 (5.0) | 10 (3.9) | 14 (4.7) | ||
Missing | 11,328 (16.5) | 11,181 (16.5) | 147 (16.0) | 10,113 (16.6) | 42 (16.5) | 47 (15.7) | ||
Any folic acid use e | ||||||||
No | 32,098 (46.8) | 31,715 (46.9) | 383 (41.7) | 0.007 | 28,356 (46.6) | 108 (42.5) | 123 (41.0) | 0.044 |
Yes, before or during | 21,735 (31.7) | 21,417 (31.7) | 318 (34.6) | 19,294 (31.7) | 96 (37.8) | 97 (32.3) | ||
Yes, before and during | 14,689 (21.4) | 14,471 (21.4) | 218 (23.7) | 13,196 (21.7) | 50 (19.7) | 80 (26.7) | ||
Year of delivery | ||||||||
1999-2002 | 13,640 (19.9) | 13,482 (19.9) | 158 (17.2) | 0.038 | 11,985 (19.7) | 43 (16.9) | 69 (23.0) | 0.192 |
2003-2006 | 54,882 (80.1) | 54,121 (80.1) | 761 (82.8) | 48,861 (80.3) | 211 (83.1) | 231 (77.0) | ||
Sick leave | ||||||||
Yes | 43,300 (63.2) | 42,693 (63.2) | 607 (66.1) | 0.070 | 38,147 (62.7) | 172 (67.7) | 198 (66.0) | 0.128 |
Previous miscarriages/stillbirths | ||||||||
Yes | 14,975 (21.9) | 14,786 (21.9) | 189 (20.6) | 0.341 | 13,279 (21.8) | 49 (19.3) | 57 (19.0) | 0.311 |
Vaginal infections f | ||||||||
Yes | 21,924 (32.0) | 21,514 (31.8) | 410 (44.6) | <0.001 | 18,642 (30.6) | 125 (49.2) | 145 (48.3) | <0.001 |
Urinary tract infection (UTI) | ||||||||
UTI during early pregnancyg | 4,624 (6.7) | 4,222 (6.2) | 402 (43.7) | <0.001 | - | - | - | |
UTI during late pregnancyh | 3,766 (5.5) | 3,462 (5.1) | 304 (33.1) | <0.001 | - | - | - | |
UTI during pregnancy at any time point | 7,311 (10.7) | 6,757 (10.0) | 554 (60.3) | <0.001 | - | - | - |