Figure 1
From: Paraptosis and NF-κB activation are associated with protopanaxadiol-induced cancer chemoprevention
Transformation pathways of panaxadiol group ginsenosides Rb1, Rc and Rd by steaming treatment and intestinal microbiota. During steaming, ginsenosides Rb1, Rc and Rd are mainly transformed to Rg5, Rk1, and Rg3. Rg3 then converts to Rh2 and PPD. In addition, intestinal microbiota metabolize Rb1, Rc and Rd to compound K, which can be further converted to PPD (dotted lines).