Figure 3

Effects of EMM on pro-inflammatory cytokine productions in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Cells were treated with various concentrations of EMM for 1 h, and then stimulated with LPS for 24 h. IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), and TNF-α (C) in the cultured media were measured by ELISA. Data are means ± SDs of three independent experiments. ^a p < 0.05 indicates significant differences compared to the control group. ^b p < 0.05 indicates significant differences compared to the LPS-only treated group.