Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
From: Mindfulness-based stress reduction for low back pain. A systematic review
Author, year | No. of participants, No. of groups | Mean age | Inclusion criteria | Treatment group: Intervention Program length, frequency, duration | Control group: Intervention Program length, frequency, duration | Longest follow-up | Outcome measures | Resultsa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a) at post treatment | ||||||||
b) at follow up | ||||||||
Esmer et al. 2010[24] | 40, 2 | 55.2 ± 11.2 (MBSR); 54.9 ± 9.5 (CG) | Persistent leg pain, low back pain or both, Lumbosacral spinal surgery within the last 2 years | MBSR according to the curriculum developed at the University of Massachusetts 8-week program, once weekly for 1.5 to 2.5 hours plus one 6-hour session Including gentle yoga Homework: 45 min. meditation each day Additional usual medical care allowed | Waiting list control group Additional usual medical care allowed | 40 weeks (in MBSR only) | 1. Pain Acceptance (CPAQ) | 1a. MBSR > CG, p = 0.014 |
2. Disability (RMDQ) | 2a. MBSR > CG, p = 0.005 | |||||||
3. Pain Intensity (VAS) | 3a. MBSR > CG, p = 0.021 | |||||||
4. Sleep Quality (Abridged PSQI) | 4a. MBSR > CG, p = 0.047 | |||||||
5. Analgesic Medication Log | 5a. MBSR > CG, p = 0.001 | |||||||
1b-5b. All effects were maintained within MBSR | ||||||||
Morone et al. 2008[25] | 37, 2 | 74.1 ± 6.1 (MBSR); 75.6 ± 5.0 (CG) | 65 years of age or older, MMSE ≥ 23, Chronic low back pain (with moderate intensity for at least 3 months) | MBSR according to the curriculum developed at the University of Massachusetts Without yoga 8-week course, once weekly for 1.5 hours Homework: 45 min. meditation each day | Waiting list control group | 3 months (in MBSR only) | 1. Pain Intensity (MPQ-SF, SF-36 Pain Scale) | 1a. NS |
2. Pain Acceptance (CPAQ) | 2a. Total Score: MBSR > CG, p = 0.008; Activities Engagement: MBSR > CG, p = 0.004 | |||||||
3. Quality of Life (SF-36) | 3a. NS | |||||||
4. Disability (RMDQ, SPPB, SF-36 Physical Functioning Scale) | 4a. SF-36 Physical Functioning Scale: MBSR > CG p = 0.03; NS for RMDQ and SPPB | |||||||
1b-4b. NS when compared to post treatment assessment | ||||||||
Morone et al. 2009[26] | 40, 2 | 78.0 ± 7.1 (MBSR); 73.0 ± 6.2 (CG) | 65 years of age or older, MMSE ≥ 24, Chronic low back pain (with moderate intensity for at least 3 months) | MBSR according to the curriculum developed at the University of Massachusetts Without yoga 8-week course, once weekly for 1.5 hours Homework: 45 min. meditation each day | Health education program 8-week course, once weekly for 1.5 hours Homework: mental exercise each day | 4 months | 1. Disability (RMDQ) | 1a. NS |
2. Pain Intensity (MPQ-SF, SF-36 Pain Scale) | 2a. NS | |||||||
3. Self-efficacy (CPSS) | 3a. NS | |||||||
4. Quality of Life (SF-36 Role Emotional Scale) | 4a. MBSR > CG, p < 0.05 | |||||||
5. Mindfulness (MAAS, FFMQ) | 5a. NS | |||||||
1b-5b. NS |