Rose hip and its constituent galactolipids confer cartilage protection by modulating cytokine, and chemokine expression

Table 2 Modulation of gene expression in RAW264.7 cells by RHP and GLGPG

Gene	C_T ^a	LPS	LPS + RHP (250 mg/L)		LPS + GLGPG (9.7 mg/L)
		fold change	fold change	p value^b	fold change	p value^b
TNF-α	22.9	29.6	21.8	0.0001	20.4	0.002
COX-2	27.5	247	203.3	0.347	217	0.660
PGES	33.0	2.2	1.6	0.0107	2.0	0.214
iNOS	29.9	197	239.4	0.041	224	0.357
IL-1α	33.7	22081	8128	0.0115	18501	0.087
IL-10	38.3	66.8	176	< 0.0001	78.6	0.074
CCL5/RANTES	29.7	515	121	< 0.0001	403	0.003
CXCL10/IP-10	27.2	342	65.4	0.0001	239	0.021
NF-κB1	24.8	6.3	2.1	0.0002	6.0	0.366
NF-κB49	25.3	4.1	1.5	0.0028	3.7	0.028
NF-κBp65	23.6	1.2	0.4	0.0045	1.1	0.126
I-κBα	24.4	5.5	2.0	0.0004	5.7	0.391
CD14	24.9	1.0	0.5	0.198	1.4	0.012
MMP-9	29.0	6.8	3.0	0.0493	7.8	0.145

LPS-stimulated cells were cultured with 31.3 - 1000 mg/L RHP or 1.2 - 38.7 mg/L of GLGPG for 4 h and gene expression was quantified by RT-PCR. Fold changes were calculated as indicated in Materials and Methods. Only the effects of 250 mg/L RHP and 9.7 mg/L GLGPG are shown.
^aC_T = cycle threshold (C_T < 22 = high basal gene expression; 23 < C_T < 30 = intermediate basal gene expression; C_T > 30 = low basal gene expression).
^b p value = significance value between (LPS)- and (LPS + compound)-treatment.

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