Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics of study population
Variables | Placebo | GTP | Placebo+TC | GTP+TC | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 44 | 47 | 42 | 38 | Â |
Age [y], mean ± SD | 57.6 ± 7.5 | 56.5 ± 5.5 | 58.3 ± 7.7 | 57.6 ± 6.7 | NS |
Years after menopause | 12.5 ± 8.4 | 11.2 ± 8.3 | 14.2 ± 11.1 | 11.4 ± 9.1 | NS |
Height [cm] | 162.8 ± 7.8 | 162.7 ± 5.4 | 161.9 ± 6.2 | 164.1 ± 7.1 | NS |
Weight [kg] | 77.4 ± 15.4 | 74.5 ± 11.9 | 74.1 ± 12.1 | 72.9 ± 14.6 | NS |
Body mass index [kg/m 2 ] | 29.2 ± 6.1 | 28.1 ± 4.4 | 28.3 ± 4.9 | 27.1 ± 5.8 | NS |
Bone mineral density [T-score] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Femoral Neck | -1.50 ± 0.62 | -1.51 ± 0.64 | -1.64 ± 0.56 | -1.69 ± 0.59 | NS |
   Trochanter | -1.05 ± 0.81 | -1.10 ± 0.70 | -1.27 ± 0.62 | -1.29 ± 0.71 | NS |
   Total spine | -0.74 ± 0.56 | -0.75 ± 0.67 | -0.95 ± 0.65 | -0.97 ± 0.51 | NS |
   L1-L4 | -0.60 ± 0.85 | -0.53 ± 1.09 | -0.65 ± 0.76 | -0.75 ± 0.83 | NS |
Serum 25 (OH)D [ng/mL] | 32.5 ± 8.4 | 36.2 ± 11.0 | 31.5 ± 11.5 | 30.1 ± 6.6 | NS |
Serum PTH [pg/mL] | 47.8 ± 20.1 | 45.6 ± 22.5 | 48.2 ± 22.3 | 47.2 ± 27.1 | NS |
Serum TSH [mIU/L] | 2.50 ± 1.38 | 2.09 ± 1.13 | 2.38 ± 0.94 | 2.56 ± 1.30 | NS |
General health questions [n (%)] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   General health rated "good" | 35 (79.5) | 38 (80.9) | 38 (90.4) | 30 (78.9) | NS |
   Height decrease with age | 3 (6.8) | 10 (21.2) | 7 (16.6) | 9 (23.6) | NS |
   Broken bone as adult | 9 (20.4) | 13 (27.6) | 7 (16.6) | 14 (36.8) | NS |
   History of osteopenia | 9 (20.4) | 8 (17.0) | 9 (21.4) | 9 (23.9) | NS |
   Family history of low bone mass | 19 (36.3) | 24 (51.0) | 13(30.9) | 23 (60.5) | NS |
   History of osteoarthritis | 9 (20.4) | 5 (10.6) | 4 (9.5) | 4 (10.5) | NS |
   Severe joint or muscle pain | 16 (36.3) | 12 (25.5) | 9 (21.4) | 9 (23.6) | NS |
   Back or leg pain | 11 (25.0) | 12 (25.5) | 4 (9.5) | 5 (13.1) | NS |
   History of diabetes | 1 (2.3) | 5 (10.6) | 6 (14.2) | 3 (7.8) | NS |
   History of hypertension | 13 (29.5) | 9 (19.1) | 10 (23.8) | 8 (21.0) | NS |
Physical activity profiles , mean ± SD |  |  |  |  |  |
   Exercise frequency [sessions/week] | 2.4 ± 2.1 | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | NS |
   Exercise time [min/session] | 22 ± 19 | 23 ± 21 | 29 ± 46 | 23 ± 22 | NS |
Mood assessment §, mean ± SD | 5.7 ± 5.2 | 5.9 ± 4.9 | 5.9 ± 5.6 | 6.3 ± 4.2 | NS |
Lifestyle profiles [n (%)] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   History of steroid use | 9 (20.4) | 7 (14.8) | 8 (19.0) | 12 (31.5) | NS |
   Antidepressant medication use | 20 (40.5) | 19 (40.4) | 17 (40.4) | 18 (47.3) | NS |
   Estrogen/HRT use | 9 (20.4) | 10 (21.2) | 10 (23.8) | 7 (18.4) | NS |
   Calcium/Vitamin D use | 22 (50) | 23 (48.9) | 21 (50) | 17 (44.7) | NS |
   Trouble sleeping | 16 (36.4) | 17 (36.1) | 16 (38.1) | 12 (31.5) | NS |
   Current cigarette smoking | 2 (4.5) | 2 (4.2) | 2 (4.7) | 1 (2.6) | NS |
   Alcohol consumption | 23 (52.2) | 18 (38.2) | 18 (42.8) | 21 (55.2) | NS |
   Tea consumption | 26 (59.1) | 23 (48.9) | 22 (52.3) | 27 (71.0) | NS |
   Coffee consumption | 28 (63.6) | 34 (72.3) | 28 (66.6) | 24 (65.5) | NS |
   Soda consumption | 28 (63.6) | 29 (65.9) | 23 (54.7) | 27 (71.1) | NS |
   Juice consumption | 12 (27.2) | 22 (46.8) | 19 (45.2) | 21 (55.2) | NS |